8Wasko, Janet (2001)
Understanding Disney. The Manufacture of Fantasy.
Cambridge: Polity Press
9Zipes, Jack (1995)
Breaking the Disney Spell. In: From Mouse to Mermaid. The politics of Film, Gender, and Culture.
Hg. v Elizabeth Bell, Lynda Haas, Laura Sells.
Bloomington/Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, S. 21-43
10Wasko, Janet (2001)
Understanding Disney. The Manufacture of Fantasy.
Cambridge: Polity Press
-Zipes, Jack (1995)
Breaking the Disney Spell. In: From Mouse to Mermaid. The politics of Film, Gender, and Culture.
Hg. v Elizabeth Bell, Lynda Haas, Laura Sells.
Bloomington/Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, S. 21-43

Der Prozess der Disneyfizierung

Basierend auf Janet Waskos 2001 erschienenen Buch Understanding Disney8 kann der Prozess der Disneyfizierung wie folgt beschrieben werden:

Auch der amerikanische Literaturwissenschaftler Jack Zipes befasste sich u.a. in seinem 1995 erschienen Aufsatz „Breaking the Disney Spell”9 mit Disneys Adaptationen von Originalvorlagen. In seinem Werk stellt er folgende Beobachtungen auf:

  1. Technique takes precedence over the story, and the story is used to celebrate the technician and his means.
  2. The carefully arranged images narrate through seduction and imposition of the animator's hand and the camera.
  3. The images and sequences engender a sense of wholeness, seamless totality, and harmony that is orchestrated by a savior/technician on and oft the screen.
  4. Though the characters are fleshed out to become more realistic, they are also one-dimensional and are to serve functions in the film. There is no character development because the characters are stereotypes, arranged according to a credo of domestication of the imagination.
  5. The domestication is related to colonization insofar as the ideas and types are portrayed as models of behavior to be emulated. Exported through the screen as models, the "American" fairy tale colonizes other national audiences. What is good for Disney is good for the world, and what is good in a Disney fairy tale is good in the rest of the world.
  6. The thematic emphasis on cleanliness, control, and organized industry reinforces the technics of the film itself: the clean frames with attention paid to every detail; the precise drawing and manipulation of the characters as real people; the careful plotting of the events that focus on salvation through the male hero.
  7. Private reading pleasure is replaced by pleasurable viewing in an impersonal cinema. Here one is brought together with other viewers not for the development of community but to be diverted in the French sense of divertissement and American sense of diversion.
  8. The diversion of the Disney fairy tale is geared toward nonreflective viewing. Everything is on the surface, one-dimensional, and we are to delight in one-dimensional portrayal and thinking, for it is adorable, easy, and comforting in its simplicity.

Disneys erster abendfüllender Zeichentrickfilm Schneewittchen und die sieben Zwerge kann hierfür als klassisches Beispiel genommen werden. Der 1937 erschiene Animationsfilm basiert auf der Märchenvorlage der Gebrüder Grimm. Sowohl Zipes als auch Wasko10 sind sich einig, dass durch den Prozess der Disneyfizierung aus dem deutschen Volksmärchen eine amerikanisierte Version von Schneewittchen wurde:

Darüber hinaus stellt Zipes einen detaillierten Vergleich zwischen der Grimmschen Originalvorlage und der Disneyversion auf:

  1. Snow White is an orphan. Neither her father nor her mother are alive, and she is at first depicted as a kind of "Cinderella," cleaning the castle as a maid in a patched dress. In the Grimms' version there is the sentimental death of her mother. Her father remains alive, and she is never forced to do the work of commoners such as wash the steps of the castle.
  2. The prince appears at the very beginning of the film on a white horse and sings a song of love and devotion to Snow White. He plays a negligible role in the Grimms' version.
  3. The queen is not only jealous that Snow White is more beautiful than she is, but she also sees the prince singing to Snow White and is envious because her stepdaughter has such a handsome suitor.
  4. Though the forest and the animals do not speak, they are anthropom orphized. In particular the animals befriend Snow White and become her protectors.
  5. The dwarfs are hardworking and rich miners. They all have names— Doc, Sleepy, Bashful, Happy, Sneezy, Grumpy, Dopey—representative of certain human characteristics and are fleshed out so that they become the star attractions of the film. Their actions are what counts in defeating evil. In the Grimms' tale, the dwarfs are anonymous and play a humble role.
  6. The queen only comes one time instead of three as in the Grimms' version, and she is killed while trying to destroy the dwarfs by rolling a huge stone down a mountain to crush them. The punishment in the Grimms' tale is more horrifying because she must dance in red-hot iron shoes at Snow White's wedding.
  7. Snow White does not return to life when a dwarf stumbles while carrying the glass coffin as in the Grimms' tale. She returns to life when the prince, who has searched far and wide for her, arrives and bestows a kiss on her lips. His kiss of love is the only antidote to the queen's poison.